Enteroendocrine Function describes the crucial signaling role of specialized cells scattered throughout the gastrointestinal tract lining, which act as a diffuse endocrine organ. These enteroendocrine cells (EECs) sense the luminal contents, such as nutrients and microbial metabolites, and respond by secreting a diverse array of peptide hormones. These hormones, including GLP-1, ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK), are vital regulators of appetite, glucose homeostasis, digestion, and gut motility. This function represents a direct communication link between the gut environment and systemic metabolism.
Origin
The term is a compound of ‘entero,’ derived from the Greek enteron meaning intestine, and ‘endocrine,’ referring to internal secretion of hormones. The concept arose as researchers recognized that the gut was not merely an absorptive tube but a major regulatory organ in the endocrine system. It highlights the gut’s dual role in digestion and systemic metabolic control.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism involves the direct interaction of dietary components and microbial byproducts with specific receptors located on the apical surface of the EECs. For example, glucose stimulates K-cells to release GIP, while fatty acids trigger L-cells to release GLP-1 and PYY. Upon sensing the stimulus, the EECs rapidly release their pre-synthesized peptide hormones into the bloodstream or interstitial fluid. These hormones then travel to distant target organs, such as the pancreas, brain, and liver, initiating a coordinated metabolic response.
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