The Entero-Endocrine Axis refers to the intricate, bidirectional communication system linking the gut (entero) and the endocrine system, involving hormone-secreting cells within the gastrointestinal tract. These specialized enteroendocrine cells release a vast array of gut hormones in response to nutrient presence, directly influencing appetite, satiety, insulin secretion, and overall metabolic homeostasis. This axis is a crucial regulatory hub that integrates nutritional intake with systemic energy balance and hormonal signaling. Dysfunction in this axis is increasingly implicated in metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Origin
The term combines “entero” (from the Greek enteron meaning intestine), “endocrine” (internal secretion of hormones), and “axis” (a central line of connection). It is a modern refinement of earlier concepts, emphasizing the coordinated, systemic nature of gut-hormone signaling beyond simple digestion. This recognition has significantly advanced the clinical understanding of metabolism.
Mechanism
The mechanism begins with the ingestion of food, which stimulates enteroendocrine cells to release hormones such as Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, and cholecystokinin (CCK). These hormones then travel through the bloodstream to act on distant target organs, including the brain (regulating appetite), the pancreas (stimulating insulin release), and the liver. The gut microbiome also plays a critical modulatory role by producing short-chain fatty acids that can directly influence enteroendocrine cell function and hormone release.
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