Enteric Signaling Pathways are the complex, bidirectional communication routes that transmit information between the gastrointestinal tract, the central nervous system, and the endocrine system. These pathways involve a sophisticated interplay of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and microbial metabolites, influencing everything from satiety and mood to systemic immunity and glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation in these pathways can lead to metabolic disorders and altered hormonal rhythmicity.
Origin
This terminology originates from neurogastroenterology and endocrinology, specifically focusing on the “gut-brain axis” and the “gut-endocrine axis.” The ‘Enteric’ component refers to the intrinsic nervous system of the gut, which acts as a second brain. The recognition of gut-derived hormones like GLP-1 and PYY as major regulators cemented the importance of these signaling routes.
Mechanism
Signaling occurs through several distinct mechanisms, including the vagus nerve, which provides a direct neural link between the gut and the brainstem. Endocrine signaling involves the release of gut hormones from enteroendocrine cells in response to nutrient presence, which then travel via the bloodstream to target organs. Furthermore, microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids act as signaling molecules by binding to G-protein coupled receptors on immune and epithelial cells.
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