What is the Origin of Energy Surplus?

This term is a core concept derived from the First Law of Thermodynamics as applied to human metabolism, often simplified as "calories in versus calories out." In endocrinology, the focus has expanded to how the hormonal system, including insulin, leptin, and ghrelin, regulates both the intake and expenditure sides of this energy equation, highlighting neuroendocrine control.

What is the Mechanism of Energy Surplus?

A sustained energy surplus triggers a cascade of hormonal adaptations intended to manage the excess fuel. Adipose tissue secretes increased levels of leptin, which, in a chronic surplus state, can lead to leptin resistance, impairing critical satiety signals in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, chronic caloric excess often contributes to insulin resistance, forcing the pancreas to overproduce insulin, which promotes further fat storage and systemic inflammation, thereby disrupting overall hormonal equilibrium and metabolic flexibility.

Energy Surplus

Meaning

Energy surplus, in a physiological and hormonal health context, refers to a state where the body consistently takes in more caloric energy than it expends over a prolonged period, leading to a positive energy balance. This persistent imbalance results in the storage of excess energy, primarily as adipose tissue, and has profound implications for endocrine signaling and metabolic health. Understanding this balance is fundamental to weight management, body composition, and the prevention of chronic metabolic disease.