The condition where a biological system, such as the human body, encounters lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Even small amounts of this substance can trigger a robust, potentially harmful, inflammatory and immune response. Clinically, significant exposure is associated with sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Origin
The term is foundational to microbiology and immunology. “Endotoxin” refers to a toxin that is an integral part of the bacterial cell wall, released upon cell lysis. “Exposure” denotes the instance of coming into contact with this biologically active substance.
Mechanism
Upon entering the circulation, LPS is recognized by specific pattern recognition receptors, notably Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), on immune cells. This binding initiates a powerful intracellular signaling cascade, leading to the rapid and massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and interleukins. This cytokine storm can result in systemic vasodilation, capillary leak, and potentially organ dysfunction.
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