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Endothelial Glycocalyx

Meaning

The Endothelial Glycocalyx is a delicate, gel-like layer rich in glycoproteins and proteoglycans that covers the apical surface of all vascular endothelial cells, acting as the primary interface between blood flow and the vessel wall. This crucial structure is integral to vascular health, serving as a mechanosensor for shear stress and a selective barrier to plasma proteins and circulating cells. A healthy glycocalyx is essential for regulating vascular permeability, inhibiting platelet adhesion, and modulating nitric oxide production, which controls vasodilation. Damage to this layer is an early indicator of cardiovascular dysfunction and metabolic syndrome.