Endogenous Signaling Molecules are chemical substances, naturally produced within the human body, that facilitate communication between cells, tissues, and organs to coordinate physiological function. This broad category includes hormones, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and various growth factors, all of which act as messengers to transmit information across biological systems. Their precise synthesis, release, and action are central to maintaining homeostasis and orchestrating adaptive responses to internal and external changes.
Origin
The concept is fundamental to cell biology and endocrinology, dating back to the discovery of hormones and their role as internal chemical messengers. The term “endogenous” simply emphasizes their origin within the organism, distinguishing them from external agents like pharmaceuticals or environmental toxins. Understanding these molecules is the basis for all hormonal and metabolic clinical intervention.
Mechanism
These molecules operate by binding to specific receptor proteins located either on the cell surface or inside the target cell, initiating a cascade of intracellular events. For instance, peptide hormones bind to surface receptors to activate secondary messengers, while steroid hormones traverse the membrane to engage nuclear receptors, directly influencing gene transcription. The complexity of their interaction creates the intricate regulatory network that governs human health and longevity.
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