The natural, internal physiological process by which a neuron synthesizes, stores, and subsequently discharges chemical signaling molecules, known as neurotransmitters, into the synaptic cleft in direct response to an action potential. These essential molecules then successfully transmit signals to adjacent neurons, muscle cells, or glands, thereby driving all aspects of neurological and physiological function. This spontaneous yet tightly regulated release is the fundamental basis of communication within the entire nervous system.
Origin
This term is absolutely central to the field of neurobiology, combining endogenous (meaning originating from within the organism) with neurotransmitter release (the core functional event of chemical synapses). The scientific study of this precise process led to the comprehensive understanding of how the brain controls mood, movement, and the rhythmic secretion of various hormones. Hormones often act as powerful neuromodulators, directly influencing the quantity and critical timing of this release.
Mechanism
The release mechanism is highly dependent on the rapid influx of calcium ions into the presynaptic terminal following the depolarization of the neuronal membrane. This calcium influx triggers the fusion of synaptic vesicles, which contain the neurotransmitters, with the presynaptic membrane, ejecting their contents into the synaptic space. The overall efficiency and precision of this calcium-dependent release process are paramount for maintaining optimal cognitive function and coordinating precise neuroendocrine output.
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