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Endogenous Neuromodulators

Meaning

Endogenous neuromodulators are a diverse group of naturally occurring chemical substances, including peptides, steroids, and amines, that are released by neurons or glial cells and act to subtly alter the strength, speed, or quality of synaptic transmission. Unlike classical neurotransmitters, which cause direct excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, these molecules typically act over a wider area and longer timescale to fine-tune neural circuit activity. They play a crucial role in regulating global brain states, such as sleep-wake cycles, pain perception, and emotional arousal. Examples include neurosteroids and various neuropeptides synthesized within the central nervous system.