Endogenous Clock Genes are a specialized group of transcription factors and regulatory proteins that form the molecular machinery responsible for generating and maintaining the intrinsic 24-hour circadian rhythm within nearly every cell of the human body. These genes, including core components like Period (Per), Cryptochrome (Cry), BMAL1, and CLOCK, drive the rhythmic expression of thousands of downstream genes. They are fundamental regulators of metabolic processes, cellular repair, and the cyclic release of hormones. Their proper function is non-negotiable for chronobiological health.
Origin
The term is derived from “Endogenous,” meaning originating within the organism, and the concept of “Clock Genes,” reflecting their role as the biological timekeepers. The groundbreaking work identifying these genes in the late 20th and early 21st centuries provided the genetic and molecular basis for chronobiology. Their discovery established a direct link between genetics and the temporal organization of human physiology, revolutionizing our understanding of daily biological rhythms.
Mechanism
The core mechanism is a complex transcriptional-translational feedback loop where the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer promotes the transcription of Per and Cry genes. The resulting PER and CRY proteins then accumulate in the cytoplasm, translocate back to the nucleus, and inhibit the CLOCK/BMAL1 complex, thus completing the approximately 24-hour cycle. This cyclical gene expression dictates the rhythmic sensitivity of tissues to hormones and the timing of endocrine gland activity, ensuring temporal harmony within the system.
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