Endocrine Signaling is a fundamental mode of intercellular communication where specialized glands secrete chemical messengers, known as hormones, directly into the bloodstream. These hormones travel systemically to target cells and tissues distant from the site of secretion, initiating a specific physiological response. This process is the core mechanism by which the body regulates growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis.
Origin
The term is derived from the Greek words endon meaning ‘within’ and krinein meaning ‘to separate’ or ‘secrete,’ relating to internal secretion into the blood. The formal study of endocrinology began in the early 20th century with the isolation and characterization of key hormones and the understanding of their systemic regulatory roles. It represents a classical, long-range communication system in human physiology.
Mechanism
The mechanism begins with the release of a hormone from an endocrine gland in response to a stimulus. The hormone then circulates and binds specifically to high-affinity receptors on target cells, which may be located on the cell surface or intracellularly. Receptor binding triggers an intracellular signal transduction cascade, leading to a specific cellular response, such as altered enzyme activity or changes in gene transcription and protein synthesis.
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