The collective biological activity of specialized organs, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary, and gonads, to synthesize, store, and secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system. This integrated function governs systemic physiological processes, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood regulation. Optimal glandular function is the prerequisite for hormonal homeostasis and overall health.
Origin
The term “endocrine” originates from the Greek words endo (within) and krinein (to separate or secrete), describing the ductless nature of these glands’ secretions directly into the bloodstream. The study of this function forms the foundation of endocrinology, a discipline that emerged with the identification of hormones as chemical messengers in the early 20th century. Clinical practice centers on assessing and supporting the functional integrity of this glandular network.
Mechanism
The function is governed by complex feedback loops, primarily the hypothalamic-pituitary-glandular axes, which regulate hormone secretion in response to physiological demand or circulating hormone levels. A gland receives a signal, synthesizes the specific polypeptide or steroid hormone from precursor molecules, and releases it into the blood to act on distant target cells via specific receptors. Precise control over this mechanism is essential for maintaining metabolic and reproductive health.
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