Question 1

What is the Meaning of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The Dual-Hormone Hypothesis posits that hyperglycemia in diabetes results from dysregulation of both insulin and glucagon. It emphasizes inadequate insulin action combined with excessive glucagon secretion elevates blood glucose. This perspective highlights the interdependent roles of these pancreatic hormones in metabolic equilibrium.

Question 2

What is the Context of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

This hypothesis operates within human glucose homeostasis, involving pancreatic alpha and beta cells. Insulin, from beta cells, lowers blood glucose; glucagon, from alpha cells, raises it. Their precise balance is essential for stable blood sugar, and its disruption characterizes metabolic dysfunction.

Question 3

What is the Significance of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Understanding this dual hormonal control impacts diabetes management. It clarifies why insulin replacement alone may not fully normalize glucose. Recognizing glucagon's contribution guides comprehensive therapeutic strategies, targeting both insulin action and glucagon's hyperglycemic effects. This improves outcomes and reduces complications.

Question 4

What is the Mechanism of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Insulin suppresses glucagon release. In diabetes, this suppression is often impaired, leading to inappropriately high glucagon levels despite elevated blood glucose. Glucagon then stimulates hepatic glucose production and glycogenolysis, exacerbating hyperglycemia. The mechanism involves insufficient insulin action and uninhibited glucagon signaling, causing metabolic imbalance.

Question 5

What is the Application of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Clinically, the Dual-Hormone Hypothesis informs medications targeting both insulin action and glucagon suppression. For example, GLP-1 receptor agonists enhance glucose-dependent insulin release and reduce glucagon secretion. This broader approach aims to restore a physiological insulin-to-glucagon ratio, supporting better glycemic control.

Question 6

What is the Metric of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Monitoring involves assessing standard glycemic markers like fasting blood glucose, post-prandial glucose excursions, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). While direct glucagon measurement is less common clinically, its effects are inferred from persistent hyperglycemia. Continuous glucose monitoring offers dynamic insights into glucose fluctuations, indicating overall hormonal interplay.

Question 7

What is the Risk of Dual-Hormone Hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

Mismanaging insulin and glucagon carries risks, including hypoglycemia from excessive insulin or overly suppressed glucagon. Conversely, inadequate control of both hormones perpetuates chronic hyperglycemia, leading to long-term complications. Balancing these metabolic regulators requires precise medical supervision to mitigate adverse events and optimize safety.

Dual-Hormone Hypothesis

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

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