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Downstream Signaling

Meaning

Downstream signaling refers to the cascade of molecular events that occur within a cell following the initial binding of a ligand, such as a hormone, to its specific cell-surface or intracellular receptor. This process translates the external hormonal message into a tangible, functional change within the cell nucleus or cytoplasm. The sequence involves a series of protein-protein interactions, phosphorylation events, and second messenger generation, ultimately leading to an altered cellular phenotype, such as gene expression or enzyme activation. Understanding these pathways is crucial for dissecting the precise actions of endocrine disruptors and therapeutic hormones.