DNA Methylation is a fundamental epigenetic mechanism involving the addition of a methyl group to the cytosine base within a DNA sequence, typically at CpG sites. This biochemical process generally functions to repress gene transcription without altering the underlying nucleotide sequence. In the context of hormonal health, it critically influences the expression of hormone receptor genes and metabolic enzymes. Understanding methylation patterns offers insight into long-term physiological programming.
Origin
Etymologically, “methylation” refers to the addition of a methyl group (CH3). The concept arose from early molecular biology studies investigating stable gene silencing mechanisms. In endocrinology, its relevance grew as researchers linked environmental factors to persistent changes in gene activity. This mechanism provides a bridge between experience and inherited expression patterns.
Mechanism
Enzymes called DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) onto DNA. Hypermethylation in a gene promoter region typically correlates with transcriptional silencing, effectively turning the gene “off.” Conversely, demethylation can activate gene expression, potentially altering cellular responsiveness to circulating hormones. This precise chemical modification dictates which parts of the genome are accessible for transcription factors.
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