The Diurnal Cortisol Cycle is the predictable, 24-hour rhythmic fluctuation of the stress hormone cortisol, serving as a core component of the body’s circadian system and metabolic preparedness. This cycle is characterized by the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR), a sharp rise in cortisol immediately upon waking, followed by a steady decline throughout the day and the lowest point near midnight. The cycle’s integrity is a direct biomarker for the resilience and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, with an optimized cycle supporting sustained energy and robust stress adaptation. Dysfunction in this cycle is often implicated in chronic fatigue and immune dysregulation.
Origin
The concept integrates the biological rhythmicity implied by “diurnal,” meaning daily, with the specific hormone “cortisol” and the cyclical nature of its “cycle.” Early endocrinological studies in the mid-20th century established the cyclical nature of adrenal steroid secretion, confirming its role as a key regulator synchronized with the light-dark cycle. This rhythmicity is an ancient evolutionary mechanism.
Mechanism
The cycle is precisely orchestrated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which relays time-of-day information to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, initiating the HPA cascade. The morning peak mobilizes glucose and prepares the body for anticipated daytime stressors, acting as a metabolic switch for the transition from rest to activity. Conversely, the evening trough allows for the necessary decrease in sympathetic tone, which is permissive for melatonin production and the initiation of restorative sleep processes.
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