DHEA-S Levels represent the circulating concentration of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, the sulfated and most abundant form of the adrenal androgen DHEA in the human bloodstream. This steroid hormone serves as a major precursor for the synthesis of more potent androgens and estrogens in peripheral tissues, making its measurement a key indicator of adrenal function and overall steroidogenic capacity. Clinical assessment of DHEA-S is routinely performed to evaluate adrenal gland disorders, assess androgen status, and investigate conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) or adrenal insufficiency. Optimal levels are associated with metabolic health and cognitive function.
Origin
DHEA-S was first isolated and characterized alongside other adrenal steroids, and its sulfated form was recognized for its stability and high concentration, making it an ideal clinical biomarker. The “S” denotes the sulfate group attached to the DHEA molecule, which is added by the sulfotransferase enzyme. Its clinical use became widespread as a reliable marker for adrenal androgen production, given its minimal diurnal variation compared to cortisol.
Mechanism
DHEA is synthesized primarily by the adrenal cortex, where it is rapidly converted to its sulfated form, DHEA-S, which acts as a reservoir due to its long half-life. DHEA-S itself is largely biologically inert but is transported to peripheral tissues where the sulfate group is removed by the steroid sulfatase enzyme, regenerating the active DHEA. This DHEA can then be metabolized into androstenedione, testosterone, and eventually estradiol, providing a crucial extragonadal source of sex hormones.
Clinical markers for adrenal system strain in active individuals include altered diurnal cortisol rhythms, low DHEA-S, and potential aldosterone imbalances.
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