Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, commonly referred to as DOMS, is the characteristic muscular pain, stiffness, and tenderness that becomes noticeable and often peaks between 24 and 72 hours following unaccustomed or strenuous physical activity. This physiological response is clinically recognized as an indication of microscopic structural damage within the muscle fibers and surrounding connective tissue. DOMS is fundamentally a transient inflammatory response initiating the repair and adaptation process, not an accumulation of metabolic byproducts.
Origin
The term is descriptive of the clinical time course of the symptoms, with the ‘delayed onset’ distinguishing this phenomenon from the acute, immediate burning sensation of muscle fatigue experienced during exercise. Scientific inquiry into the precise etiology of DOMS has been a continuous area of research in exercise physiology since the mid-20th century, clarifying its distinction from simple fatigue.
Mechanism
The intense mechanical tension, particularly during eccentric contractions, induces microtrauma to the muscle sarcomeres and the extracellular matrix. This structural damage triggers a localized inflammatory cascade, leading to the infiltration of immune cells and the release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin. These inflammatory molecules sensitize local nociceptors, which are the pain receptors, resulting in the perceived soreness and temporary reduction in muscle force-generating capacity.
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