A severe and potentially life-threatening systemic inflammatory syndrome characterized by the rapid and massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators by immune cells. This uncontrolled and exaggerated immune response overwhelms the body’s regulatory mechanisms, leading to widespread tissue damage, multi-organ failure, and systemic shock. It represents a critical dysregulation of the body’s finely tuned inflammatory response.
Origin
The term gained prominence in the context of viral pandemics and certain immunotherapies, describing the dramatic and detrimental overreaction of the host immune system. Cytokine refers to the small proteins that mediate communication between immune cells, and storm conveys the explosive, uncontrolled, and damaging nature of their release. This phenomenon underscores the delicate balance required for effective yet non-destructive immunity.
Mechanism
The process begins with an intense trigger, such as a severe infection or certain pharmaceutical agents, which activates a large number of immune cells. These activated cells release a cascade of signaling molecules, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor, creating a positive feedback loop that recruits and activates even more immune cells. This uncontrolled amplification of the inflammatory signal results in systemic endothelial damage and widespread physiological collapse, often requiring immediate and aggressive clinical intervention.
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