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Cortisol Signaling Pathways

Meaning

Cortisol Signaling Pathways describe the intricate molecular cascades initiated when the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol binds to its specific intracellular receptors within target cells throughout the body. These pathways are central to regulating gene expression, metabolism, inflammation, and immune response, mediating cortisol’s widespread physiological effects. The primary mechanism involves the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor that modulates the expression of hundreds of genes. Dysfunction in these signaling cascades, whether due to altered receptor sensitivity or chronic high cortisol, can lead to systemic metabolic and immune imbalances.