What is the Origin of Cortisol Neurotoxicity?

This concept draws from endocrinology and neurobiology, combining the name of the primary glucocorticoid cortisol with the descriptor of damage to nerve cells, neurotoxicity. It reflects the clinical understanding that the body's primary stress response mechanism can become destructive to the brain when dysregulated.

What is the Mechanism of Cortisol Neurotoxicity?

Cortisol exerts its neurotoxic effects by binding to high-affinity glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) found densely in limbic structures. Chronic GR activation leads to persistent suppression of BDNF, a crucial neurotrophic factor, and dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission. The resulting cascade promotes oxidative stress, reduces glucose utilization in vulnerable brain regions, and ultimately drives structural atrophy and functional impairment.

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Cortisol Neurotoxicity

Meaning

Cortisol Neurotoxicity describes the damaging effect that prolonged or excessive exposure to the stress hormone cortisol has on neuronal structure and function, particularly within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Chronically elevated cortisol levels can impair neurogenesis, reduce dendritic arborization, and increase neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity. This clinical phenomenon is a key link between chronic stress and cognitive decline or mood disorders.