Cortisol levels refer to the concentration of the primary glucocorticoid hormone in the circulation, typically measured in blood, saliva, or urine. This steroid hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex, is integral to the body’s stress response, metabolism, and immune regulation. Clinically, the pattern and magnitude of these levels, particularly the diurnal rhythm, provide vital diagnostic information about the functional status of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis.
Origin
The term is derived from “cortex,” referencing the adrenal cortex where the hormone is synthesized, and the chemical suffix “-ol” for alcohol/steroid. The measurement of “levels” is a fundamental concept in quantitative biochemistry and clinical endocrinology. Hans Selye’s pioneering work on the stress response formalized the physiological significance of cortisol and its role in adaptation and disease.
Mechanism
Cortisol synthesis is regulated by Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), which is released from the pituitary gland in response to Hypothalamic Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH). Once secreted, cortisol acts on intracellular glucocorticoid receptors in nearly every cell type, modulating gene transcription to affect glucose metabolism, suppress inflammation, and regulate blood pressure. The HPA axis employs a negative feedback loop where elevated cortisol suppresses CRH and ACTH release, ensuring tight homeostatic control.
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