What is the Origin of Coronary Artery Calcification?

The term is derived from "coronary," referring to the heart's arteries, "artery," from the Greek arteria (vessel), and "calcification," from the Latin calx (lime, chalk), meaning the process of becoming hardened by calcium salts. This precise nomenclature describes both the anatomical location and the chemical nature of the arterial hardening. The condition is inextricably linked to the broader pathology of atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease of the arterial wall.

What is the Mechanism of Coronary Artery Calcification?

CAC develops as a consequence of the body's inflammatory and reparative response to atherosclerotic plaque formation within the arterial intima. Vascular smooth muscle cells within the plaque undergo a phenotypic transformation, actively mediating the deposition of calcium into the matrix in a process analogous to bone formation. Hormonal factors, particularly the decline in protective estrogen levels, can accelerate this process, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk, especially in postmenopausal individuals. The presence of calcified plaque reduces arterial compliance and increases cardiac workload.

Coronary Artery Calcification ∞ Area

Coronary Artery Calcification

Meaning

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a pathological process defined by the active deposition of calcium phosphate, primarily in the form of hydroxyapatite, within the inner and middle layers of the coronary artery walls. This accumulation is a definitive and quantifiable sign of established subclinical atherosclerosis, reflecting a significant and chronic burden of arterial plaque. The extent of this calcification, commonly quantified by a CAC score, serves as a powerful and independent predictor of future cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke. This condition highlights the critical link between chronic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and long-term vascular health.