What is the Origin of COMT Enzyme?

The COMT enzyme was discovered and characterized through biochemical research focused on the metabolism of catecholamines, key signaling molecules in the nervous system. Its name describes its function: transferring a methyl group (methyltransferase) to a catechol structure. The clinical relevance became more apparent with the discovery of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affecting its activity and the resulting impact on neuroendocrine balance.

What is the Mechanism of COMT Enzyme?

The COMT enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) to a hydroxyl group on the catechol ring of its substrates, rendering them inactive and preparing them for excretion. Individuals with lower COMT activity metabolize catecholamines and catechol estrogens more slowly, leading to higher, prolonged levels of these compounds, which can impact neurological and hormonal balance. This metabolic pathway is essential for clearing stress hormones and estrogen metabolites efficiently.

COMT Enzyme ∞ Area

COMT Enzyme

Meaning

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a crucial enzyme responsible for the metabolic breakdown and inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, as well as certain catechol estrogens. It plays a pivotal role in regulating the levels of these signaling molecules, particularly in the prefrontal cortex, which impacts executive function, mood, and stress response. Genetic variations in the COMT gene can significantly alter an individual’s enzyme activity and clinical presentation.