Question 1

What is the Meaning of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

The Complement System is a complex network of over 30 soluble proteins and cell-surface receptors in blood and tissue fluids, functioning as a critical innate immune component. Activated proteins work in a cascade to identify pathogens, clear immune complexes, and manage cellular debris.

Question 2

What is the Context of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

Operating within the body's immune surveillance, the Complement System serves as a rapid, first-line defense. It interacts with innate and adaptive immunity, contributing to inflammation, opsonization, and pathogen lysis, maintaining physiological balance and protecting against infection.

Question 3

What is the Significance of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

Clinically, proper Complement System function is vital for host defense against microbial threats and tissue injury resolution. Dysregulation leads to pathological conditions, including autoimmune diseases like lupus, kidney disorders such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, and recurrent infections, underscoring its diagnostic and therapeutic relevance.

Question 4

What is the Mechanism of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

The system activates via three pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. Classical pathway is triggered by antibody-antigen complexes; lectin by microbial carbohydrate recognition; alternative spontaneously activates on microbial surfaces. All pathways converge to activate C3 and C5, forming the membrane attack complex (MAC) for cell lysis, generating anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a) that promote inflammation and attract immune cells.

Question 5

What is the Application of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

Understanding the Complement System's role is crucial in managing conditions with deficient or overactive activity. Clinicians consider its involvement in inflammatory disorders, autoimmune conditions, and transplant rejection. Therapeutic strategies increasingly target specific complement components to modulate immune responses and improve patient outcomes.

Question 6

What is the Metric of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

Assessment of Complement System activity involves measuring specific complement proteins, such as C3 and C4, in serum or plasma. Functional assays like CH50 or AH50 evaluate overall lytic activity of classical and alternative pathways, providing insights into potential deficiencies or excessive activation that guide clinical diagnosis and monitoring.

Question 7

What is the Risk of Complement System?

Accepted Answer

Imbalances within the Complement System carry significant clinical risks. Overactivation contributes to tissue damage in autoimmune diseases, ischemic reperfusion injury, and sepsis. Deficiencies predispose individuals to recurrent bacterial infections, particularly with encapsulated bacteria, and increased susceptibility to autoimmune conditions due to impaired immune complex clearance. Mismanagement or inappropriate therapeutic modulation could exacerbate these vulnerabilities.

Complement System

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

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