A category of endogenous signaling molecules, including specific steroids, thyroid hormones, and certain neuropeptides, that exert direct or permissive effects on neuronal function, plasticity, and overall cognitive performance. Deficiencies or imbalances in these compounds are often correlated with measurable deficits in executive function and memory consolidation. These hormones are essential modulators of brain chemistry.
Origin
This classification arose from clinical neuroscience demonstrating strong correlations between circulating hormone levels and neuropsychological test results. The term groups hormones based on their functional impact on higher-order brain processes rather than solely on their primary endocrine gland of origin.
Mechanism
These hormones operate by binding to receptors within key brain regions, such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, influencing neurotransmitter synthesis and receptor density. Thyroid hormones, for instance, regulate overall metabolic rate in neurons, while sex steroids modulate synaptic strength. Effective signaling supports neurogenesis and protects against oxidative stress within neural tissues.
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