Cognition refers to the comprehensive set of mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge, understanding, and processing information, including attention, memory, problem-solving, and executive function. This essential neurological capacity is the foundation for conscious thought and interaction with the environment. Optimal hormonal balance, particularly of thyroid hormones and sex steroids, is fundamentally required for maintaining peak cognitive performance and neural plasticity.
Origin
The term derives from the Latin word cognitio, meaning ‘a knowing’ or ‘a getting to know.’ It is a fundamental concept in psychology and neuroscience, dating back to classical philosophy, but its scientific study gained prominence in the mid-20th century.
Mechanism
Cognitive function is mechanistically supported by robust synaptic plasticity and efficient neuronal communication, which are highly sensitive to the endocrine environment. Thyroid hormones are crucial for neurodevelopment and adult brain metabolism, while estrogen and testosterone influence neurotransmitter activity and promote the survival of neurons in key brain regions like the hippocampus. Neurosteroids also directly modulate GABA and NMDA receptors, fine-tuning the excitatory and inhibitory balance necessary for complex thought processes.
Hormonal imbalances qualify by substantially limiting major life activities like concentration and sleep, due to impairment of the endocrine system, a protected major bodily function.
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