Circadian Phase Locking refers to the critical process of precisely synchronizing the body’s endogenous master biological clock, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, to the external 24-hour environmental cycle. This synchronization is achieved through the use of external time cues, known as zeitgebers, with the light/dark cycle being the most potent. Robust phase locking is essential for aligning the rhythmic secretion of nearly all hormones, including cortisol and melatonin, and ensuring metabolic processes are timed for optimal function. Desynchrony, or a loss of locking, is a major contributor to metabolic dysfunction and hormonal dysregulation.
Origin
The term combines “Circadian,” derived from the Latin circa (about) and dies (day), meaning “about a day,” with “Phase Locking,” a concept borrowed from physics and engineering that describes the synchronization of oscillating systems. In endocrinology and chronobiology, this term accurately describes the stable, precise alignment of the body’s internal biological rhythms to the external solar cycle.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism is initiated by specialized photoreceptors in the retina, the melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells, which signal light exposure directly to the SCN via the retinohypothalamic tract. The SCN acts as the master pacemaker, relaying temporal information through neural and hormonal pathways to peripheral oscillators in nearly every cell and organ, including the liver and adrenal glands. This systemic signaling ensures that physiological events, such as the morning peak of cortisol and the nocturnal onset of melatonin secretion, occur at the optimal phase relative to the external environment.
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