Chronic low-grade inflammation, often termed ‘inflammaging,’ is a persistent, systemic elevation of inflammatory markers without the overt symptoms characteristic of acute inflammation. This subtle, long-term immunological activation is a fundamental driver of age-related decline and chronic disease development. Clinically, it is characterized by moderately increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP). This underlying biological stress silently compromises tissue function and accelerates cellular senescence across multiple organ systems.
Origin
The understanding of inflammation traces back to ancient medicine, but the specific concept of chronic low-grade inflammation as a distinct pathology is a modern clinical construct. It emerged from epidemiological and molecular studies demonstrating a link between persistently elevated inflammatory markers and the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, and hormonal disorders. This physiological state is now recognized as a key target in longevity medicine.
Mechanism
The mechanism involves a sustained, subclinical activation of the innate immune system, often triggered by factors like visceral adiposity, gut dysbiosis, chronic psychological stress, or persistent exposure to environmental toxins. This activation leads to the continuous release of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), by immune cells and adipocytes. These circulating cytokines interfere with insulin signaling, disrupt hormonal feedback loops, and induce oxidative stress, thereby damaging endothelial and cellular structures over time.
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