This refers to a specific class of signaling molecules, comprised of short chains of amino acids, that are instrumental in regulating the microcirculation and overall hemodynamics within the brain. These peptides exert potent effects on the cerebral vasculature, ensuring adequate delivery of oxygen and glucose to active neuronal tissue. Their function is crucial for maintaining optimal cognitive performance and preventing ischemic damage. They are vital for the process of neurovascular coupling.
Origin
The term is derived from the convergence of neuroendocrinology and vascular physiology, focusing on neuropeptides that function as local regulators in the central nervous system. Specific examples, such as Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), were identified through pharmacological and physiological studies examining neural control of blood vessel tone. The study of these peptides has advanced our understanding of neurovascular coupling. This area of research is critical for stroke and migraine pathophysiology.
Mechanism
These peptides operate by binding to specific receptors on the smooth muscle cells lining cerebral arterioles, often triggering a vasodilatory response. This vasodilation increases the local blood flow, a process known as functional hyperemia, which precisely matches metabolic demand to nutrient supply. The precise, localized control exerted by these peptides is a fundamental component of maintaining neuronal integrity and supporting high-level brain function. Dysfunction can impair nutrient exchange and waste removal.
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