These are molecules, including hormones, cytokines, growth factors, and neurotransmitters, that transmit information between cells or within a single cell to regulate physiological processes. They act as critical communicators in the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems, orchestrating complex biological responses. Maintaining the correct balance of these agents is paramount for systemic health and adaptive function.
Origin
The term draws its roots from the discovery of hormones in the early 20th century and the subsequent elucidation of signal transduction pathways in molecular biology. Understanding how cells communicate via these agents forms the basis of modern endocrinology and pharmacology.
Mechanism
Agents exert their effect by binding to specific receptor proteins located either on the cell surface or intracellularly. This binding event triggers a conformational change in the receptor, initiating a sequence of downstream biochemical reactions known as signal transduction. This ultimately alters cellular function, gene expression, or enzyme activity, leading to a coordinated physiological response.
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