The constructive phase of metabolism where smaller, simpler molecules are synthesized into larger, more complex cellular components, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. This energy-requiring process is fundamentally responsible for tissue growth, repair, and maintenance within the human body. Hormones like testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin are potent anabolic agents that critically regulate this biological imperative.
Origin
The term “anabolism” derives from the Greek anabole, meaning “a raising up” or “a mound.” It was coined alongside “catabolism” in the late 19th century to describe the two opposing yet interconnected branches of metabolic activity within living organisms. The concept is central to understanding human physiology, particularly in muscle and bone development and recovery.
Mechanism
Anabolic hormones bind to their respective receptors, triggering intracellular signaling pathways that promote protein synthesis and nutrient uptake into cells. For instance, insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake, while growth hormone stimulates the production of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), which directly mediates tissue accretion. This process requires a net input of energy, which is typically derived from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generated during catabolic pathways.
Hormonal changes directly affect muscle protein synthesis by modulating gene expression, activating growth pathways, and influencing cellular protein turnover.
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