CD38 ∞ Area

CD38

Meaning

CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity, primarily functioning as an ADP-ribosyl cyclase and NAD glycohydrolase. It is broadly expressed on various immune cells and participates in cell signaling, adhesion, and calcium mobilization. This protein converts nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and ADP-ribose (ADPR), influencing cellular metabolism and communication.

Context

Within the biological landscape, CD38 operates at the cell surface, acting as a critical regulator of cellular NAD+ levels and calcium signaling pathways. Its presence on immune cells like plasma cells, T cells, and monocytes positions it as a modulator of immune responses and cellular differentiation. This molecule contributes to the complex network of cell-to-cell interactions and metabolic regulation essential for maintaining physiological balance.

Significance

The clinical importance of CD38 is substantial, particularly in hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, where its high expression on malignant plasma cells makes it a valuable therapeutic target. Furthermore, its role in NAD+ metabolism has implications for cellular aging and metabolic health, suggesting a broader impact on systemic well-being. Understanding CD38 activity aids in both disease stratification and the development of targeted interventions.

Mechanism

CD38 exerts its effects primarily through its enzymatic activity, catalyzing the conversion of NAD+ to cADPR and ADPR. cADPR acts as a second messenger, promoting calcium release from intracellular stores, which is vital for diverse cellular processes including proliferation and immune cell activation. By modulating NAD+ levels, CD38 also influences sirtuin activity, thereby impacting cellular repair, energy metabolism, and inflammatory responses.

Application

In clinical practice, CD38 serves as a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target. Its expression levels are routinely assessed in patients with plasma cell disorders, guiding treatment decisions. Monoclonal antibodies targeting CD38, such as daratumumab, are employed in the management of multiple myeloma, demonstrating its utility in precision medicine. These interventions aim to eliminate CD38-expressing malignant cells, improving patient outcomes.

Metric

The expression of CD38 on cell surfaces can be precisely measured using flow cytometry, a technique that quantifies the percentage of cells positive for CD38 and their fluorescence intensity. In the context of multiple myeloma, CD38 expression on plasma cells is a key diagnostic and prognostic indicator. Research settings may also assess CD38 enzymatic activity or its impact on cellular NAD+ levels through biochemical assays.

Risk

While targeting CD38 offers therapeutic benefits, potential risks include infusion-related reactions, which are common with monoclonal antibody therapies. Immunosuppression is another concern, as CD38 is expressed on healthy immune cells, potentially increasing susceptibility to infections. Hematological toxicities, such as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, may also occur, necessitating careful patient monitoring during treatment.

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HRTioJuly 28, 2025

CD38

Meaning

Context

Significance

Mechanism

Application

Metric

Risk

Can Lifestyle Changes like Diet and Exercise Naturally Increase My NAD+ Levels?

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