What is the Origin of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)?

The term is a descriptive name rooted in enzymology and biochemistry, reflecting the enzyme's function. "Catechol" refers to the specific chemical structure it acts upon, "O-methyltransferase" indicates that it transfers a methyl group (CH3) to an oxygen atom (O) on the substrate. This enzyme was identified as a key player in catecholamine degradation, providing a crucial mechanism for terminating the action of these potent signaling molecules in the synaptic cleft and circulation.

What is the Mechanism of Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)?

COMT catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe), a universal methyl donor, to one of the hydroxyl groups on the catechol ring structure of its substrates. This methylation reaction converts the biologically active catechol compound into an inactive, methylated metabolite, such as converting estradiol into 2-methoxyestradiol. This detoxification process is essential for maintaining appropriate levels of catecholamines and estrogens, with variations in COMT activity directly impacting an individual's sensitivity to stress and estrogen-related conditions.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

Meaning

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a critical enzyme responsible for the inactivation and metabolism of catecholamines, which include neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine, as well as catechol estrogens. Functioning primarily in the liver and kidneys, COMT adds a methyl group to these compounds, rendering them less biologically active and facilitating their excretion. Genetic polymorphisms in the COMT gene can significantly impact an individual’s hormonal and neurotransmitter clearance rate, influencing mood and hormonal health.