A catabolic stress hormone is a signaling molecule released by the endocrine system, primarily in response to physiological or psychological stressors. Its core function involves breaking down complex molecules, such as proteins and fats, into simpler substances like glucose for immediate energy use. This process is essential for survival during periods of acute demand, helping the body rapidly mobilize energy reserves. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex, is the most recognized example within this category. Prolonged elevation of these hormones, however, can lead to adverse health outcomes, including muscle wasting and impaired immune function.
Origin
The term combines “catabolic,” derived from the Greek katabole meaning “a throwing down,” referring to the breakdown of molecules, and “hormone,” from the Greek hormao meaning “I excite or set in motion.” Stress hormones originate from the body’s ancient, conserved stress response system, the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. This axis evolved to ensure rapid energy availability and heightened alertness in the face of perceived danger. Clinically, understanding this origin helps interpret the body’s adaptive, yet potentially damaging, reaction to chronic stress.
Mechanism
These hormones, particularly cortisol, exert their effects by binding to intracellular glucocorticoid receptors found in nearly every cell type. Upon binding, the hormone-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus, where it modulates gene transcription, increasing the synthesis of enzymes that facilitate catabolism. This mechanism leads to gluconeogenesis in the liver, mobilizing amino acids from muscle tissue and fatty acids from adipose tissue. The resulting surge in circulating glucose and fatty acids provides the necessary metabolic fuel to sustain the fight-or-flight response.
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