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Cardiac Output

Meaning

Cardiac output (CO) is a fundamental physiological measure representing the volume of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system per minute. This critical parameter is calculated as the product of heart rate (beats per minute) and stroke volume (volume of blood ejected per beat). Maintaining an adequate cardiac output is essential for ensuring that all tissues and organs, including the endocrine glands, receive sufficient oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. Hormones, such as thyroid hormone and catecholamines, are primary regulators of both heart rate and contractility, directly impacting CO.