What is the Origin of C-Cell Hyperplasia?

The term is a compound of "C-cell," referring to the calcitonin-producing cells, and "hyperplasia," a medical term derived from Greek roots, meaning an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue. Its clinical recognition is closely tied to the genetic and histopathological studies of thyroid tumors, especially following the identification of activating mutations in the RET proto-oncogene in familial MTC. This condition represents a distinct, premalignant stage in the spectrum of thyroid neuroendocrine pathology.

What is the Mechanism of C-Cell Hyperplasia?

The underlying mechanism often involves a genetic predisposition, such as an activating germline mutation in the RET proto-oncogene, which leads to uncontrolled, sustained proliferation of the C cells. This genetic alteration drives a persistent, non-neoplastic expansion of the calcitonin-secreting cell population throughout the thyroid gland's parafollicular tissue. The resulting increase in C-cell mass and function can sometimes lead to measurable elevations in basal or stimulated calcitonin levels, serving as a reliable biochemical marker for the condition and its malignant potential.

C-Cell Hyperplasia

Meaning

C-cell hyperplasia is a pathological condition characterized by an abnormal, non-neoplastic increase in the number of parafollicular C cells within the thyroid gland. These specialized neuroendocrine cells are physiologically responsible for the production and secretion of the hormone calcitonin, which is a key regulator of calcium homeostasis. Clinically, this cellular proliferation is highly significant because it is frequently recognized as a precursor lesion to medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), particularly in cases associated with inherited genetic syndromes. Early histopathological identification is critical for preventative endocrine management and risk stratification.