Brown Adipose Tissue, or BAT, is a specialized type of fat tissue distinct from white adipose tissue, characterized by its high concentration of mitochondria and multilocular lipid droplets. Unlike white fat, which stores energy, BAT’s primary biological function is thermogenesis, the generation of heat through non-shivering mechanisms. This metabolically active tissue plays a significant role in energy expenditure and metabolic health.
Origin
The term combines “brown,” referring to its color due to the high density of iron-containing mitochondria, with “adipose tissue,” the scientific term for fat. Historically thought to be relevant only in infants and hibernating mammals, its presence and metabolic activity in adult humans were conclusively demonstrated in the early 21st century.
Mechanism
The thermogenic mechanism is mediated by the uncoupling protein 1, or UCP1, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of brown adipocytes. Upon activation, often by cold exposure or sympathetic nervous system signaling, UCP1 uncouples the proton gradient from ATP synthesis, dissipating the energy as heat. This process increases energy expenditure, making BAT a compelling target for metabolic and weight management strategies.
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