The scientific discipline focused on understanding the complex physiological and hormonal mechanisms that dictate where ingested calories, specifically lipids, are preferentially stored or mobilized within the body. This is a critical area of study because the anatomical distribution of adipose tissue, particularly the ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat, profoundly influences metabolic health and disease risk. The science seeks to elucidate the factors that determine whether energy is directed toward metabolically benign subcutaneous stores or pathologically active visceral depots.
Origin
This field evolved from metabolic research and endocrinology, specifically in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome studies. The realization that fat distribution, rather than total fat mass alone, is the key predictor of cardiometabolic risk necessitated a deeper inquiry into the regulatory systems. The term ‘partitioning’ is derived from agricultural science, where it describes the allocation of nutrients toward different tissues, and has been adopted to describe the differential fate of energy substrates in human physiology.
Mechanism
Hormones are central to the mechanism, with cortisol promoting visceral fat accumulation and sex steroids, such as testosterone and estrogen, influencing subcutaneous distribution. Insulin sensitivity plays a critical role, as high insulin levels drive lipogenesis in various depots. Differential expression and activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in various fat depots, regulated by local and systemic signaling molecules, ultimately determine the balance between fat storage and mobilization.
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