What is the Origin of Biomarkers of Stress?

The concept stems from early endocrinology and stress research, most notably the work of Hans Selye on the General Adaptation Syndrome, which established the physiological basis of the stress response. The modern clinical utility of these markers emerged with advancements in analytical chemistry, allowing for precise, non-invasive measurement of transient and diurnal hormonal fluctuations. This enables clinicians to move beyond subjective patient reports for diagnostic precision.

What is the Mechanism of Biomarkers of Stress?

Stressors trigger the HPA axis, leading to the pulsatile release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and ultimately, glucocorticoids like cortisol from the adrenal cortex. Measuring the diurnal variation and total output of cortisol provides insight into adrenal function and HPA axis integrity. Chronic stress may also deplete precursor hormones, manifesting as altered DHEA-to-cortisol ratios, which reflect the allostatic load on the neuroendocrine system.

Biomarkers of Stress

Meaning

Quantifiable biological indicators, measured in physiological samples such as blood, saliva, or urine, that reflect the body’s acute or chronic response to psychological or physiological stressors. These markers provide objective data on the activation and regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Common clinical examples include salivary cortisol rhythm, serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels, and catecholamine metabolites.