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Biological Signal Transduction

Meaning

Biological signal transduction is the fundamental process by which a cell converts an external or internal stimulus into a specific, coordinated cellular response. This molecular communication cascade begins with the binding of a signaling molecule, or ligand, to a receptor on the cell surface or inside the cell. The process involves a series of sequential biochemical reactions, often including phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events, which amplify and relay the initial signal to its ultimate intracellular targets. Effective signal transduction is crucial for processes like hormone action, immune response, and cell differentiation.