Bioactive hormone availability quantifies the fraction of a specific circulating hormone that is unbound to plasma proteins and therefore physiologically active, capable of eliciting a response at target cell receptors. This measurement is clinically significant because only the free, unbound hormone can diffuse across capillary walls and interact with cellular targets to regulate physiological processes. Understanding this available fraction is crucial for accurately assessing true hormonal status, particularly for steroid hormones like testosterone and estradiol, which are largely protein-bound. The total hormone concentration alone often misrepresents the functional endocrine signal.
Origin
This concept originated within classical endocrinology and plasma protein chemistry as researchers sought to explain the disparity between total hormone levels and observed clinical effects. The discovery of specific binding globulins, suchs as Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) and Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (CBG), solidified the understanding that binding capacity dictates biological potency. Clinical measurement techniques, including equilibrium dialysis, were subsequently developed to isolate and measure this critical bioactive fraction accurately. The term reflects the physiological reality that not all secreted hormone contributes equally to systemic regulation.
Mechanism
The mechanism is governed by the equilibrium dynamics between the hormone, its specific transport proteins, and its non-specific binders, primarily albumin, within the circulation. When a hormone is secreted, it rapidly binds to these carriers; however, a small, yet potent, fraction remains free. This unbound hormone is then able to traverse the cell membrane or bind to extracellular receptors, initiating intracellular signaling cascades that modulate gene expression and cellular function. Changes in binding protein concentration, often influenced by liver function or other hormones, directly shift this equilibrium, altering the net availability of the bioactive hormone to tissues.
We use cookies to personalize content and marketing, and to analyze our traffic. This helps us maintain the quality of our free resources. manage your preferences below.
Detailed Cookie Preferences
This helps support our free resources through personalized marketing efforts and promotions.
Analytics cookies help us understand how visitors interact with our website, improving user experience and website performance.
Personalization cookies enable us to customize the content and features of our site based on your interactions, offering a more tailored experience.