Astroglial cells, or astrocytes, are a specialized type of non-neuronal glial cell found throughout the central nervous system, characterized by their star-like morphology. These cells are essential for maintaining the biochemical environment necessary for neuronal function, playing a critical role in the blood-brain barrier integrity and synaptic plasticity. They are increasingly recognized as active participants in neuroendocrine regulation and the brain’s response to systemic hormonal changes.
Origin
The term combines astro, meaning star, and glia, meaning glue, reflecting their shape and their historical role as the structural “glue” of the nervous system. Modern neurobiology has expanded their perceived function from mere support to active metabolic and signaling roles. Their involvement in hormonal health is particularly noted in areas like the hypothalamus, where they influence neurohormone release.
Mechanism
Astrocytes regulate neurotransmitter concentrations in the synapse by uptake and recycling, ensuring efficient neural communication. They also manage energy supply to neurons by converting glucose to lactate and contribute to the immune response within the brain by releasing various cytokines. Furthermore, their close proximity to blood vessels allows them to mediate the transfer of nutrients and hormones between the bloodstream and brain tissue, directly influencing the neuroendocrine axes.
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