What is the Origin of Astrocytic Cells?

The name "astrocyte" is a direct combination of the Greek words astro meaning "star" and kytos meaning "cell," referencing their characteristic, highly branched morphology. These cells were first described and named in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though their full functional significance has only been appreciated in modern neuroscience. Initial understanding was limited to a passive supporting role, but they are now recognized as active regulators of neural circuits.

What is the Mechanism of Astrocytic Cells?

Functionally, astrocytes maintain brain homeostasis by buffering excess potassium ions and clearing inhibitory neurotransmitters like GABA and excitatory glutamate from the synaptic cleft, preventing excitotoxicity. They also participate in the "tripartite synapse," directly modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, astrocytes provide metabolic coupling by converting glucose to lactate, which they shuttle to neurons for energy, thus mediating the brain's metabolic response to hormonal and systemic changes.

Astrocytic Cells ∞ Area

Astrocytic Cells

Meaning

Astrocytic Cells, commonly known as astrocytes, are a type of neuroglial cell found throughout the central nervous system that provides essential metabolic and structural support to neurons. These star-shaped cells are critical for maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, regulating the extracellular ion and neurotransmitter concentrations, and managing cerebral blood flow. Their robust function is fundamental to neuroendocrine signaling and overall cognitive homeostasis, acting as vital partners to the neurons.