Astrocyte activation refers to the morphological, molecular, and functional changes in astrocytes, which are the most numerous glial cells in the central nervous system. This process is a common response to injury, disease, or physiological stress within the brain and spinal cord. Activated astrocytes can exhibit both beneficial neuroprotective roles and detrimental functions contributing to neuroinflammation and pathology. In the context of hormonal health, this activation can be linked to systemic inflammation and the neuroendocrine stress response.
Origin
The term combines ‘astrocyte,’ derived from the Greek words ‘astron’ (star) and ‘kytos’ (cell), reflecting their star-like shape, with ‘activation,’ denoting a state of increased functional activity. Astrocytes are fundamental components of the neurovascular unit and were first described in the late 19th century. Their activation is a concept rooted in modern neuroscience and neuropathology, detailing their reaction to perturbations in the neuroendocrine environment.
Mechanism
Activation involves the release of various gliotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines, altering the local microenvironment and modulating synaptic transmission. The cells undergo hypertrophy, increasing their size and extending their processes, and they proliferate. Crucially, activated astrocytes regulate the blood-brain barrier integrity and metabolic support for neurons, a process profoundly influenced by circulating hormones like cortisol and sex steroids. This shift in function impacts neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, affecting overall brain health and hormonal regulation.
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