Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) refers to any form of non-natural, human-made illumination experienced during the biological night period, primarily from sources like streetlights, electronic screens, and indoor lighting. This exposure disrupts the body’s natural perception of the dark cycle, which is a fundamental environmental cue for human physiology. The clinical significance in hormonal health lies in its potent suppressive effect on nocturnal hormone secretion. This pervasive environmental factor is increasingly recognized as a chronodisruptor impacting metabolic and endocrine function.
Origin
The concept stems from chronobiology and environmental health, arising with the widespread adoption of electric lighting, which fundamentally altered human exposure to natural light-dark cycles. The term itself is a straightforward description of the phenomenon: light generated by artificial means encountered during the hours traditionally characterized by darkness. Research into ALAN gained traction as epidemiological studies began linking modern light exposure patterns to various health outcomes, particularly those governed by circadian rhythms.
Mechanism
Exposure to light, particularly the blue wavelength spectrum common in many modern devices and LEDs, is detected by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in the eye. This signal is transmitted to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), the master clock of the brain, which subsequently inhibits the pineal gland’s production of melatonin. Melatonin is a critical hormone for regulating the sleep-wake cycle and acts as a potent antioxidant; its suppression by ALAN dysregulates circadian rhythmicity and impacts downstream endocrine pathways.
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