This is the critical biochemical process where the enzyme aromatase catalyzes the conversion of androgens, specifically testosterone and androstenedione, into estrogens, primarily estradiol and estrone. It represents a key regulatory step in steroidogenesis, influencing the balance between sex hormones in both males and females. The activity of this enzyme is a significant determinant of circulating estrogen levels.
Origin
The term is rooted in the action of the enzyme Aromatase, which gained its name because it introduces an aromatic ring into the steroid structure during the conversion process. This enzymatic reaction is essential for the biosynthesis of estrogens. Understanding this conversion mechanism has been pivotal in developing therapeutic agents like aromatase inhibitors for estrogen-sensitive conditions.
Mechanism
Aromatase, a cytochrome P450 enzyme complex (CYP19A1), catalyzes three successive hydroxylation steps that result in the removal of the C-19 methyl group and the aromatization of the steroid A-ring. This irreversible reaction changes the androgen precursor into an active estrogen. This conversion occurs primarily in adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and breast tissue, demonstrating its widespread physiological importance beyond the gonads.
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