The biological actions of specific endogenous hormones that actively suppress or modulate the systemic inflammatory response within the human body. These effects are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and mitigating the chronic, low-grade inflammation often associated with aging, termed inflammaging. Glucocorticoids, like cortisol, are the most potent endogenous anti-inflammatory agents, though sex steroids also play significant roles. This modulation helps prevent excessive tissue damage caused by prolonged immune activation.
Origin
The clinical understanding of hormonal anti-inflammatory effects began with the discovery and therapeutic use of glucocorticoids, particularly cortisol and its synthetic analogs, in the mid-20th century. The term evolved as research elucidated the complex immunomodulatory roles of other endocrine factors, including estrogen and progesterone, which exhibit protective effects against inflammatory processes. This field links endocrinology directly to immunology and the pathology of chronic disease.
Mechanism
Glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression. This regulation involves the transrepression of pro-inflammatory transcription factors, such as NF-κB, thereby inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Estrogen and testosterone also suppress the production of certain pro-inflammatory mediators while promoting anti-inflammatory pathways, contributing to overall immune balance.
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