These are the complex intracellular communication cascades initiated by the binding of androgen hormones, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), to the androgen receptor (AR). The pathways mediate the physiological effects of androgens, which are essential for the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, muscle mass, bone density, and libido in both sexes. Dysregulation in these signaling pathways can lead to conditions like androgen insensitivity syndrome or contribute to hyperandrogenic states.
Origin
The concept originates from classical endocrinology and molecular biology, stemming from the discovery and characterization of the androgen receptor and its ligand-dependent transcriptional activity. The term ‘androgenic’ itself derives from the Greek andros meaning ‘man’ and genes meaning ‘producing’, highlighting the hormones’ role in masculinization. Understanding these pathways is foundational to the clinical management of hypogonadism and prostate health.
Mechanism
The primary mechanism involves androgens diffusing across the cell membrane and binding to the cytoplasmic or nuclear androgen receptor, causing a conformational change. This activated hormone-receptor complex then translocates to the nucleus, where it binds to specific DNA sequences known as Androgen Response Elements (AREs). This binding modulates the transcription of target genes, ultimately leading to the synthesis of specific proteins that execute the androgen’s physiological function in target tissues like muscle, bone, and hair follicles.
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