Androgen receptors are intracellular proteins belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily that specifically bind to androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). These receptors are widely distributed throughout the body in tissues including muscle, bone, skin, and the central nervous system, mediating the vast spectrum of male and female androgen effects. The sensitivity and density of these receptors significantly influence an individual’s response to circulating androgen levels.
Origin
The identification and characterization of the androgen receptor protein occurred in the mid-20th century, a crucial step in understanding the molecular basis of sex hormone action. The term androgen itself originates from the Greek words andros (man) and -genes (producing), referring to substances that promote male characteristics. The receptor acts as the primary transducer for these hormonal signals.
Mechanism
Upon binding to an androgen hormone, the receptor undergoes a conformational change, detaches from chaperone proteins, and translocates into the cell nucleus. Once inside the nucleus, the activated receptor-hormone complex binds directly to specific DNA sequences known as Androgen Response Elements (AREs). This binding modulates gene transcription, resulting in the up- or down-regulation of proteins responsible for androgenic and anabolic functions in target cells.
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